RESEARCH

From Shakespeare to Akala
How Hip-Hop has Influenced
The Structure of the English Language
By Anna Bean
As we speak to one another, we are driven by context and vocabulary. When we are bored with the ‘common words’ we get creative and use words of our own creation. While historically, this has been called creating a neologism, a contemporary term for word creation is postscriptionism. William Shakespeare is one of the most famous postscriptionists. Back in the 1500’s, some of the words that we now use were considered nonexistent until William Shakespeare used them in his writings and now he is considered a genius for it, such as ‘advertising’, ‘courtship’, and ‘mimic’. Similarly, a lot of the African American youth of today might be familiar with the terms invented in Hip hop today, such as, ‘Twerk’, ‘Fleek’, and ‘Phat’. These particular terms were used so much that they made it as far as the Oxford Dictionary. Fleek is a word that was invented in a Vine video in which a female described her eyebrows as ‘On Fleek’. In the Oxford Dictionary it is defined as ‘Extremely good, attractive, or stylish.’ The connection between Shakespeare & Hip Hop is based on language, iambic pentameter, vocabulary, postscriptionism, and societal connections.
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What is the significance of learning about the connection between Shakespeare and Hip hop? I care because I look at Hip Hop and see the message beyond the lyrics. I see patterns and repetition that I didn’t know how to look for when I was younger. Now, I am seeing the fluctuations between historical writings like Shakespeare and modern music. Sometimes, we rap and sing in iambic pentameter. We express our emotions using words created by Shakespeare himself. To find similarities between Shakespeare and Hip Hop is to find yourself surfing through time and eras and realizing that you are living it. In many ways Shakespearian sonnets and plays have influenced our world of, not only music, but language itself. We have made poetry into song.
How Accounting Factors Determine the Life of Small Businesses
This paper examines the relationship between four variables found in accounting records and proposes how they contribute to informed decision making that promotes sustainability, growth and reduces the probability of business failure. The discussion is based on interdependence theory which proposes how situational factors influence outcomes.
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Small businesses are the backbone of the US economy, as indicated by the following statistics provided by Small Business Administration, SBA, a governmental agency that assists current and potential small business owners in establishing, funding and managing business entities.

Unbalanced Culture of Women and Minorities
By Joseph O. Esin
Culture is made up of the customs, beliefs and rules of society. It is a generally held belief that men are a more assertive, self-assured and formidable group while women are less confident, undecided, noncommittal by nature, and unfit in the cybersecurity domain ((Esin, 2018; Hu, 2014; & Elan, 2012).
As LeClair & Pheils (2016) and Esin, (2019) noted, despite gender stereotyping like this and culturally biased beliefs of the inferiority of women in the domain of cyber security, it is worth noting that women and minorities continue to aspire as unwavering contributors in the battle against cyber-attacks and cyber-threats on innocent citizens.
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